BIO101T Wk 5 – Exam #5: Evolution Unit

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

• insect wings are vestigial.
• there is no fossil link between these groups.
• bird wings, but not insect wings, function on the physics principles of lift.
• they did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time period.
• the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following is not a stage of the life cycle that is targeted?

• release
• attachment
• uncoating
• All of the answer choices are correct.
• maturation

Which of the following best describes how the flu virus may impact the respiratory system?

• The proteins produced by the virus interfere with ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.
• Epithelial cells see an increase in function as they try to adapt to the viral load of surrounding cells.
• All of the answer choices are correct.
• The immune system prompts a decrease in blood flow, which results in the lungs becoming dry. A hacking cough can be produced.

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

• posting antibodies on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the memory B cells to destroy it.
• initiating an inflammation response.
• posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.
• causing mutations in the genetic material of the virus, preventing its replication and halting the spread of the virus.

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called _____.

• the founder effect
• artificial selection
• antigenic shift
• antigenic drift

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

• All living things are capable of movement.
• All living things maintain a constant internal environment.
• All living things breathe.
• All living things are made up of multiple cells.

Darwin was very interested in the observation that animals on distant and isolated landmasses appeared to be related to animals on the mainlands. However, despite their similar appearance, the animals were indeed not related. Which of the following types of evidence would help Darwin make sense of his observations?

• anatomical
• biogeographical
• biochemical
• fossil

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

• RNA and DNA
• a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA
• a plasma membrane and DNA within a nucleus
• fiber proteins that extend from the body of the virus and one or more tails that are used for locomotion

A bilingual couple can speak English and Spanish. They have a child that is also bilingual and can speak English and Spanish. Has evolution occurred?

• No
• Yes

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?

• They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.
• They have the ability to form conglomerates of virus particles that work together, similar to how groups of cells work together as tissues.
• They have the ability to reproduce independently without a host cell.
• They are large in size, similar to prokaryotic cells.

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

• True
• False

Reverse transcriptase does not have a high degree of fidelity. This means that

• RNA viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to DNA viruses.
• DNA viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to RNA viruses.
• vaccinations are more easily created for RNA viruses that use this enzyme.
• the immune system is more likely to recognize RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses.

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

• DNA, RNA, then protein.
• protein, DNA, then RNA.
• protein, RNA, and DNA.
• RNA, DNA, then protein.

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

• lytic
• lysozyme
• retroviral
• lysogenic

How are flu viruses named? Check all that may apply.
rev: 11_26_2019_QC_CS-192030
Check All That Apply

• by their hosts by their hosts
• by their type (A or B) by their type (A or B)
• by their strain by their strain
• by their year of isolation by their year of isolation
• by the length of their incubation period by the length of their incubation period Correct
• by their genetic material

How does the body recognize “self” cells compared to “nonself” cells?

• “Self” cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).
• “Self” cells contain a triple layer of phospholipids on their plasma membranes.
• “Self” cells contain spikes on their outer surface.
• “Self” cells contain cytokines on their cell surfaces.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

• It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes.
• On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.
• It always selects for more complex forms.
• It assures the survival of every fit individual.
• All of the answer choices are correct.

Physician Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox, a harmless pathogen related to the dangerous smallpox virus, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. This is an example of

• developing high levels of complement.
• an inflammatory response that decreased the IgE production and increased T cells.
• passive immunity.
• developing high levels of interferon although Jenner did not realize these diseases were viral.
• active immunity.

Select all of the following ways that the flu virus may impact body systems.
Check All That Apply

• The breakdown of muscle fibers and accumulation of fluid cause muscle and joint achiness. The breakdown of muscle fibers and accumulation of fluid cause muscle and joint achiness.
• The restriction of blood vessels in the skin conserves heat and results in chills. The restriction of blood vessels in the skin conserves heat and results in chills.
• The abundance of cytokines signals the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, resulting in a fever. The abundance of cytokines signals the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, resulting in a fever.
• Appetite centers in the brain show reduced action, resulting in a loss of appetite and nausea. Appetite centers in the brain show reduced action, resulting in a loss of appetite and nausea.
• Toxins produced by the virus break down muscles, resulting in muscle aches and pains. Toxins produced by the virus break down muscles, resulting in muscle aches and pains. Correct
• A rapid loss of epithelial cells within the respiratory system results in a shortness of breath and rapid heart rate.

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine, because it contains
Check All That Apply

• three different strains of inactivated viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus. three different strains of inactivated viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus.
• four different strains of live viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus, and B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) virus. four different strains of live viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus, and B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) virus.
• three different strains of live viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus. three different strains of live viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus, A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus.
• two different strains of inactivated viruses: A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus and A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N3)-like virus.

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

• produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell.
• active burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell’s nucleus.
• inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface.
• have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein receptor on the surface of the host cell.

Once in the respiratory tract, the flu virus targets cells based on specific glycoproteins on their surfaces. How does the virus gain entry into the target cell?

• The H spikes of the influenza virus break down the cell wall, allowing the virus to gain entry.
• Viruses are made up of lipids and can therefore diffuse through the membrane of target cells, gaining entry.
• The N spikes of the influenza virus help break down the plasma membrane of a cell, allowing entry of the virus into the cell.
• Glycoproteins within the virus structure bind with glycoproteins on the membrane of the target cell and the virus squeezes through the glycoprotein into the cell.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

• penetration, attachment, integration, biosynthesis, maturation, release
• attachment, fusion, biosynthesis, maturation, and release
• attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release
• endocytosis, uncoating, maturation, and release

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system’s inability to full recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, the vaccine was less than 30% effective. This is an example of _____.

• antigenic shift
• the founder effect
• artificial selection
• antigenic drift

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

• The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year’s vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.
• The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response, so boosters are required every year.
• The vaccination cannot contain enough preservatives to last in the body longer than a year.
• The flu virus can become latent, meaning it can hide from the immune system within the body, so new vaccinations are important to allow for continuing immunity.

Which of the following statements is true about the production of the influenza vaccine?

• A protein responsible for the H spikes of the flu virus is added to a harmless virus that infects insect cells., causing them to produce massive amounts of H spike protein. The extracted H spike protein is then purified and used to make vaccines.
• All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines.
• Viruses are injected into fertilized eggs, incubated, then viral particles are extracted, purified, and used to make vaccines.
• Viruses are injected into mammalian cells, then viral particles are extracted, purified, and used to make vaccines.

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

• core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.
• H spikes as they mutate rapidly, allowing for more chances for the vaccine to work.
• N spikes because they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.
• viral tails because they exist in all flu viruses and do not mutate often.

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

• It is comprised of nucleotides.
• Guanine pairs with cytosine.
• Adenine pairs with uracil.
• The backbone is made up of alternating 5-carbon sugars and phosphate groups.

At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?

• organism
• ecosystem
• community
• population

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

• chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell
• a member of the kingdom Virusae
• an invasive cell that cannot stop reproducing
• a noncellular living organism
• the smallest bacteria known

True or False: In order to generate active immunity, individuals must be exposed to the actual pathogen itself. This is why vaccinations always contain live pathogens.

• False
• True

Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system. Check all that may apply.
Check All That Apply

• thymus thymus
• spleen spleen
• lungs lungs
• red bone marrow red bone marrow
• lymph nodes lymph nodes
• capillaries

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

• HIV can become resistant to various drug treatments.
• A population of bacteria gain resistance to a specific antibiotic.
• Weeds within a farm develop resistance to select herbicides.
• All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Which of the following statements relate to natural selection. Check all that may apply.
Check All That Apply

• Populations experience differential reproductive success. Populations experience differential reproductive success.
• Breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits. Breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits.
• Variation within a population is heritable. Variation within a population is heritable.
• Populations experience competition for resources. Populations experience competition for resources.
• The variations in a population make no difference in terms of reproductive success.

About 12,000 years ago, a mass extinction event occurred and 75% of the world’s large mammal species were eliminated. While a small number of cheetahs managed to survive and restore the world’s population of cheetahs, this event caused an extreme reduction of the cheetah’s genetic diversity. Based on the principles of natural selection, which of the following is a consequence of their reduced genetic diversity?

• Cheetahs within the same population do not vary in their reproductive success.
• Cheetahs have very little heritable variation, which will make it difficult for them to adapt as the environment changes.
• Cheetahs have never fully adapted to the current environment.
• Cheetahs are unable to effectively compete with each other for resources.

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